Go team released Go 1.18 Beta 1 in December 2021, introducing support for generic programming using type parameters, a much-anticipated feature.
Note: If you prefer, you can use the Go playground in “Go dev branch” mode to try new features with generics.
What is new in generics?
Type parameters for functions and types
Type parameter lists look like ordinary parameter lists with square brackets. It is customary to start type parameters with upper-case letters to emphasize that they are types.
[P, Q constraint1, R constraint2]
Let's take a look at the function min below.
func min(x, y int) int {
if x < y {
return x
}
return y
}
m := min(2, 3)
fmt.Println(m) // 2
If we want this function to work with other number types such as float64, we need to declare a new function to handle the new type. To solve that problem, we use generics. The type parameter T, declared in a type parameter list, takes the place of int.
func min[T constraints.Ordered](x, y T) T {
if x < y {
return x
}
return y
}
m := min[int](2, 3)
n := min[float64](2, 3)
fmt.Println(m, n) // 2 2
Type sets defined by interfaces
Type parameter lists also have a type for each type parameter. This type defines a set of types. It is called the type constraint. In Go, type constraints must be interfaces.
Let's take a look at the example below.
func min[T constraints.Ordered](x, y T) T
constraints.Ordered is a type constraint. Ordered defines the set of all integer, floating-point, and string types.
~T means the set of all types with the underlying type T.
Check this discussion for more information.
// Package constraints define a set of useful constraints to be used with type parameters.
package constraints
type Ordered interface {
int | float | ~string
}
Type inference
When declaring a variable without specifying an explicit type (either by using the := syntax or var = expression syntax), the variable's type is inferred from the value on the right-hand side.
var i int
j := i // j is an int
You can call the min function without type inference. Sometimes, passing type arguments lead to more verbose code.
func min[T constraints.Ordered](x, y T) T
var a float64 = 1.1
var b float64 = 2.2
var m float64 = min(a, b) // not need to pass any type of argument here.
fmt.Println(m) // 1.1